The opening theme reappears, now the first theme in the recapitulation, which later leads to the secondary theme but this time in G major and march-like. 60) [view]. 6 took place in October 1893, just over a week before the composer's death. He had only two significant relationships with women. Mikhail Pletnev/Russian National Orchestra: Pletnevs interpretative imagination blazingly illuminates Tchaikovskys unique symphonic structure. 13, 3rd Act No. 880, No. [28] That program reads, "The ultimate essence of the symphony is Life. 104, 3rd Movement (Dvorak) * Symphony No. Extended Sonata-Form Analysis of Tchaikovsky Symphony No. Tchaikovsky's 5th Symphony: Interpreting Music With Empathy - Jetset Times Listening to the Fifth, there is a part of me that sits in awe, while another participates. Photograph: Bettmann/CORBIS, Chicago Symphony Orchestra/Claudio Abbado, Russia National Orchestra/Mikhail Pletnev, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra/Bernard Haitink. (On Naxos 110807 it's paired with an equally spectacular Piano Concerto with Horowitz from the same concert.). 6. And the fact that in parts of this piece, Tchaikovsky does more than simply pull off a symphonic-stylistic balancing act but manages to find a melodic and structural confidence that's completely his own, was proof that this 26-year-od symphonic tyro was already on a path to a music that was distinctively his own, yet definitively Russian. The first movement, Daydreams of a Winter Journey, begins with an enchanting melody in the flute and bassoon: Tschaikowsky: 1. 14 min. [The detailed grades for each movement are: 1 = 3.5 (5 to the main theme but 2 to the sub-theme); 2 = 2; 3 = 4 (a little more rubato in a few certain places might have allowed it to get 5); 4 = 4 . Upon his return to Russia, he launched into a new work which he described as a symphony of life, loss, disillusionment and death. The following note was made after the sketches for the second movement: "Today 24 March [O.S.] (Haydn had concluded his 1772 Symphony # 45 ("Farewell") with a slow movement, but it was a mere gimmick appended to a standard form to symbolize his orchestra's discontent with their working conditions. "[20] Yet critic David Brown describes the idea of the Sixth Symphony as some sort of suicide note as "patent nonsense". The most far-fetched yet now widely-accepted view is that the composer had been condemned by a "court of honor" of former schoolmates and pressured to kill himself in fear that one of his affairs was about to be exposed and reported to the Czar. You can, coproduction with Jurgenson of Moscow most likely; also, see. It seems reasonable to suppose that when the author referred to the "scherzo" he meant the second movement, since Tchaikovsky had worked on the third movement for around 10 days in February and March. The drama surges at the mid-point, as Tchaikovsky throttles down the volume to an unprecedented notation of pppppp to prepare for a startling full outburst. As with both of the main tunes in this movement, Tchaikovsky wants to give his melodies - closed, circular objects rather than Beethovenian cells of symphonic possibility - their full expression, and at the same time create a sense of musical momentum. This is followed by a more agitated restatement of the opening A theme (the start of the recapitulation), on an F bass pedal. Call us at 909.587.5565. So when youre listening to the performances below, hear instead how the cry of pain that is the climax of the first movement is a musical premonition of the inexorably descending scales of the last movement, and how the second movement makes its five-in-a-bar dance simultaneously sound like a crippled waltz and a memory of a genuinely sensual joy. More details regarding struggle for tonal . The work premiered in Moscow on February 10, 1878, according to the Old Style (Julian) calendar, which was used in Russia at the time; according to the contemporary, or New Style (Gregorian), calendar . This symphony finally faces the fate that stalks Tchaikovskys Fourth and Fifth symphonies (the motto themes of both symphonies stand for the destiny of their symphonic heroes) but which their frenetic, bombastic concluding movements attempt to dodge. Even so, Modeste regarded the work as cathartic and recalled that his brother wept often as he wrote it. The second subject, in D Major, is song-like and comes in on the strings. 4th Movement. In fact, if every composer, author, painter, or poet had died after making their greatest works about death, none of them would have been around for very long. It has also accompanied the cartoon The Ren & Stimpy Show, specifically the episode 'Son of Stimpy' where the eponymous cat walks out into a blizzard. His closest friends were so unsure about parts of the work that they did not say anything to him. But, having poured so much of himself into his Pathtique, Tchaikovsky gains when his interpreters follow suit. Rather, they poured their souls into copious correspondence up to 300 letters per year which provide us with a detailed map of Tchaikovsky's feelings. On 11/23 February 1893, Tchaikovsky wrote to Vladimir Davydov: "You know I destroyed a symphony I had been composing and only partly orchestrated in the autumn [2] During my journey I had the idea for another symphony, this time with a programme, but such a programme that will remain an enigma to everyonelet them guess; the symphony shall be entitled: A Programme Symphony (No. Even the sudden outburst in the first movement sounds like an organic logical outgrowth of the preceding material. Symphony Six by Pyotr-ilyich . To which the only possible rejoinder is: Im afraid thats nonsense. It's like watching a quiet chain reaction. Both began at age 37 and were quite bizarre. The first was a brief and disastrous marriage to an infatuated former student who threatened to kill herself if he spurned her. Composed by P. Tchaikovsky, Op.???" Tchaikovsky calls his slow movement "Land of gloom, land of mists", but this piece is in really a land of endless melody, of continual and seductive song, in which Tchaikovsky reveals that he can make a large-scale structure from a pure outpouring of the once-heard, never-forgotten tunes that he composed more brilliantly than any other symphonist of his time - or any other. Born on March 1, 1810 in Poland. But all the same, the work is progressing" [13]. [25] This idea began to assert itself as early as the second performance of the symphony in Saint Petersburg, not long after the composer had died. The premiere of the symphony took place the following February to mixed reviews. In the last year of his life, 1893, the composer began work on a new symphony. On the title page of the full score the author wrote: 'To Vladimir Lvovich Davydov. 4 and Eugene Onegin. Having recently sent the score of the Sixth Symphony to his publisher, his brother remembered I had not seen him so bright for a long time past. [10] However, the composer began to feel apprehension over his symphony, when, at rehearsals, the orchestra players did not exhibit any great admiration for the new work. Table of Contents. 74 ( TH 30 ; W 27), subtitled Symphonie pathtique ( ) [1] was composed in February and March 1893, and orchestrated in July and August the same year. There's a wonderful modulation with scraps of 1a through keys from b-flat to b and a full statement of the first subject in a call-and-response section between strings and winds fortissimo. In a letter to Aleksandr Ziloti of 23 July/4 August, he reported: "I'm scoring the symphony and, it's a funny thing, but I'm finding it terribly difficult, i.e. It should be cast aside and forgotten. Indeed, he lived in perpetual dread of disclosure and relied upon the discretion of a huge number of people, including myriad male students to whom he had been attracted. If a fully authentic Pathetique demands a Russian sensibility, it's well-represented on record. Even when she furnished him with a villa next door, they carefully coordinated their schedules to avoid direct contact. [10] Nevertheless, the premiere was met with great appreciation. State Central Archive for Literature and the Arts (. He reported the same thing to Pyotr Jurgenson [21]. 74 (TH 30; W 27), subtitled Symphonie pathtique ( ) [1] was composed in February and March 1893, and orchestrated in July and August the same year. The movement ends with a coda triumphantly, almost as a deceptive finale. "the first statement of the march in C major" was probably a slip of the pen; it was actually set in E major. Detractors quipped that he wasbeing paid by the minute, but this is a unique and fascinating vision. Similar to the first movement, the turbulent climax, with timpani rolls and a descending sequence on the strings, lies in the development section (the C theme). influenced by Polish folk music. Perhaps the most widely acclaimed came from the dour Evgeny Mravinsky, who consistently achieved a remarkable blend of discipline and passion throughout his four available performances, all with the Leningrad Philharmonic a 1949 studio set of 78s (BMG 29408), a 1956 mono LP (DG 47423), a 1960 stereo remake (DG 19745) and a 1984 concert (Erato 45756). It has been described as a "limping" waltz. This movement was significantly shortened (by 150 bars) in the 1879 revision, a cut which had featured more extensive development and grandeur for the (soaring) Crane. Beginning instantly with the exposition and the opening A theme, melody on the first and second violins appears frequently through the movement. It begins with strings in a fast, exciting motif playing semiquavers against a woodwind 44 meter. Today I spent the whole day sitting over two pagesand nothing came out as I wanted it to. Sketches dated from as early as February, but progress was slow. the chord C sharp-E-B-G . All through this movement, Tchaikovsky has been throwing in hair- raising dissonances (partly the result of the fourths, partly out . Must be short (the finale death result of collapse). Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. 106-114). This is the exposition. Nine days later, Tchaikovsky died. [1][2] It included some minor corrections that Tchaikovsky had made after the premiere, and was thus the first performance of the work in the exact form in which it is known today. The composer\'s final work has been cast as a kind of despairing musical suicide note. The second theme of the first movement formed the basis of a popular song in the 1940s, "(This is) The Story of a Starry Night" (by Mann Curtis, Al Hoffman and Jerry Livingston) which was popularized by Glenn Miller. Mahler, Shostakovich, Sibelius, and many others could not have composed the symphonies they did without the example of Tchaikovskys Sixth. 3 "In the forest";[16] the symphony was one of the most played of its time and Tchaikovsky had already been inspired by Raff in his 5th Symphony with its famous horn solo. His mother, named Aleksandra Assier, was of Russian . 74, also known as 'Pathtique', is one of the very great symphonies in the history of music. Depression was the first diagnosis. After this dies down, 2a returns in its fullest form yet (2b is omitted), with another "dying fall" coda, in which 2a melts into wisps. To take some examples from elsewhere in musical history: many of Rachmaninovs pieces are haunted by the Dies Irae plainchant, that symbolic intonation of impending fate, and yet even after writing a piece called The Isle of the Dead, he kept on living; Berliozs music too is full of intimations of mortality, but he kept going for decades after dreaming of his own execution in his Fantastic Symphony; Beethoven didnt expire after just after he faced the limits of human mortality in the Missa Solemnis; and even Mahler remained alive just after he had just crossed the border into silence at the end of his Ninth Symphony. Perhaps the most popular of the restrained recordings is the lushly played but interpretively bland 1960 version by Eugene Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orchestra (Sony 47657); there was more oomph in their 1937 debut (Biddulph WHL 046). Analysis. 5 in E minor begins in the shadows. For whatever reason, the symphony seems to have been coolly received by the audience. 5 in E minor, Op. under WIlhem Wurfel and his music was. 6 November]. There is also evidence that Tchaikovsky was unlikely to have been depressed while composing the symphony, with his brother noting of him after he had sent the manuscript for publishing, "I had not seen him so bright for a long time past. Lam conducted the Tianjin Juilliard Orchestra in a program featuring Schubert's Symphony in B minor, D.759 "Unfinished" and Beethoven's Symphony No.2 in D major, Op.36.on September 25 in the . The woman and the orchestra each stop and start, to express the manner in which ordinary people moved through the city during the siege of Sarajevo. It contains references to the Piano Concerto No. Detractors bridled at his seeming lack of refinement but unwittingly grasped the very quality of his mass appeal in the words of conductor Leopold Stokowski, "His musical utterance comes directly from the heart and is a spontaneous expression of his innermost feeling. It has become tradition in this Symphony for the 2nd clarinet to double on bass clarinet and play 4 notes for the bassoon, at a point where the bassoon takes over a descending line from the clarinet. His works include The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker" ("Pyotr-ilyich Tchaikovsky"). Far more yielding (and in vastly superior sound) had been an earlier 1940 Philadelphia Orchestra version (BMG 60312). Tchaikovsky did not begin the instrumentation of the symphony until July. Next comes a vivid march that builds repeatedly over tense, chattering strings to a rousing brass-fueled climax so thrilling that audiences invariably burst into spontaneous applause. Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. After completing his 5th Symphony in 1888, Tchaikovsky did not start thinking about his next symphony until April 1891, on his way to the United States. 6 in B minor, Op. The development begins with a crash, with all elements of theme 1 in fugato and hints of theme 2a in the brass. Tchaikovsky poured his emotions into traditional structures in an edgy combination of Slavic passion and French stylistic flair, bolstered with ravishing melody and brilliant orchestration. Indeed, in retrospect the Pathtique can be seen as a reflection and culmination of the composer's deeply discordant life, the details of which have only recently emerged from the historical gauze of suppression. This piece makes use of beautiful melodies, harmonies, rhythms, textures and much more that are very memorable. Unlike the first movement, this struggle manifests in brief tonicization of D-major, as well as V7 of D-major (mm. Chicago Symphony Orchestra/Claudio Abbado: Abbado strikes a typical balance between lyrical sumptuousness and structural power. First part all impulse, passion, confidence, thirst for activity. The composer entitled the work "The Passionate Symphony", employing a Russian word, (Pateticheskaya), meaning "passionate" or "emotional", which was then translated into French as pathtique, meaning "solemn" or "emotive". Tchaikovsky regarded his new symphony with great affection: "I think it will be successful; it is rare for me to write anything with such love and enthralment" [22]. Which might have some saying: Exactly! Then, the music and the F begin to fade away, and a gong quietly opens a somber funerallike chorale with the trombones and the tuba. It is also extremely unusual for a slow movement to come at the end of a symphony. It is pure, tragic coincidence that Tchaikovsky should die of cholera a few days after conducting the Sixth Symphony at the age of just 53 a piece, to reiterate, that he actually composed in good mental and physical health but thats all it is. It was an ideal bond, with all the intimacy and emotional fulfillment he craved but without the loathsome physicality; he could idealize his affections from a distance without having to face the reality of emerging flaws and the boredom of domestic routine. Nowhere is this schism more apparent than with Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, whose music was reviled by critics but adored by the public. To begin with, this symphony exhibits the narrative paradigm of per aspera ad astra (tragic to triumphant), which manifests as an overall tonal trajectory of e-minor to E-major. Work proved sluggish. Tchaikovsky wrote to Sergey Taneyev: "I have finished the symphony; only the markings and tempi remain to be inserted. It is as sincere as if it were written with his blood." "[18], Tchaikovsky dedicated the Pathtique to his nephew, Vladimir "Bob" Davydov, whom he greatly admired. PT1: vl 1. It runs seamlessly into the fortissimo recapitulation, whose atmosphere is completely different from its rather hesitant equivalent at the beginning of the exposition. It is probably no coincidence that the movement, with its stormy character through restless strings, wind-like whistling woodwinds and thundering brass instruments, is reminiscent of the finale from Joachim Raff's Symphony No. Tchaikovsky concludes with a slow movement that thrashes and seethes with stressful emotion before finally fading away into restless exhaustion. 6); Symphonie Programme (No. The first attempt to resolve the accumulation of . He also reported to Aleksandr Ziloti, Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Anatoly Tchaikovsky, Vladimir Davydov, Sergey Taneyev [11] and Praskovya Tchaikovskaya that the orchestration had been begun [12]. 20 quartets), then his distribution would be closer to 1:3. over a descending pizzicato bass (related to 2a) closes the movement. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. [15] The opening contrasts with the darker B section in the tonic minor of the symphony, B minor. He also composed day and night. It is considered one of Tchaikovsky's greatest works and is frequently performed in concert halls around the world. The ultimate essence of the symphony is Life. A slower, synthesised version was utilised in the 2011 video game Pandora's Tower. And here's our musical analysis of the great work > Tchaikovsky was more than satisfied with this four-movement symphony - but, as was so often and so cruelly the case, the critical reception it received was decidedly muted. Also arranged for piano 4 hands by Tchaikovsky, 1893. The second movement is more like a dance third movement (in this case a Waltz) and . 16 October] of that year, nine days before his death. This symphony must be finished as quickly as possible, for I have a great deal of other work", the composer wrote to Anatoly Tchaikovsky on 10/22 February [4]. van Meck, a wealthy older widow who idolized him. Another example of this is Beethoven's 7th Symphony. THE BACKSTORY By the dawn of 1877 the thirty-six-year-old Tchaikovsky already stood at the forefront of his generation of Russian composers. Analysis - The overall trajectory of Tchaikovsky's 5th Symphony reminds the listener of Beethoven's 5th. This explosion concludes in a powerful note in the trombones marked quadruple forte, a rare dynamic mark intending the instrument to be played as loud as possible. After a pause, the mournful motif, back in B minor, leads into the restatement of the A theme. A romantic myth has grown up around Tchaikovsky\'s Sixth Symphony. This work was the Symphony in E, the first movement of which Tchaikovsky later converted into the one-movement 3rd Piano Concerto (his final composition), and the latter two movements of which Sergei Taneyev reworked after Tchaikovsky's death as the Andante and Finale. The five movements are driven partly by the loose pastoral narrative described by the movement titles. The composer led the first performance in Saint Petersburg on 28 October [O.S. The first of them was made on the day the full score was finished: "I urge you to ensure when writing out the parts that all the markings in the parts correspond exactly to the full score. In the words of composer Arnold Schoenberg, the finale "starts with a cry and ends with a moan." Of all the . 13 'Winter Daydreams' (Rves d'hiver, Wintertrume) by Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-93). The paradox is that this new kind of slow movement, something only Tchaikovsky could sustain, took more confidence and more compositional boldness to conceive than any of the other movements that are reliant on pre-existing models. A significant portion of the music in Tchaikovsky's First Symphony was borrowed or re-used in other works. 64 Throughout his creative career, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's inspiration went through extreme cycles, tied to his frequent bouts of deep depression and self-doubt. The Symphony is scored for an orchestra comprising 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (in A), 2 bassoons + 4 horns (in F), 2 trumpets (in A, B-flat), 3 trombones, tuba + 3 timpani, cymbals, bass drum, tam-tam (ad lib.) But frankly, theres no need for the divulging of anything more programmatically specific. Its popular appeal is indeed immortal, displaying, as with all Tchaikovsky's great work, a complex texturing of emotion sorrow leavened with hope and happiness tinged with a foreboding of despair. The second performance, conducted by Eduard Npravnk, took place 21 days later, at a memorial concert on 18 November [O.S. [13][14] This substitution is because it is nearly impossible in practice for a bassoonist to execute the passage at the indicated dynamic of pppppp.[12][13]. Many later five-movement symphonies adopt this basic plan of an extra movement before the finale. Directions. Instead, the Sixth Symphony is a vindication of Tchaikovskys powers as a composer. Leonard Bernstein is the first American-born conductor to lead a major American symphony orchestra 2. . The first movement is one of Sibelius's most highly organic compositions, and the work as a whole contains some striking foreshadowings of points in the Seventh Symphony : effects of rather cold diatonic polyphony for strings only; the simultaneous sounding of opposing harmonies in contrasted instrumental groups (e.g. Tragic, for example, is the key of B minor, which is considered somber, and the motif of the falling second, which runs through the entire work like a lament. 5 in e minor, Op. 9 Recitative (Bizet) * Symphony No. Then I must make the piano duet arrangement", he told Sergey Taneyev on 1/13 August [16]. Yet, if Tchaikovsky had taken his life, why? Symphony No. There is a surviving note by Sergey Taneyev concerning meetings with Tchaikovsky on 8/20 and 9/21 October 1893 [26]. That dichotomy between classical conformity which Rubinstein demanded of symphonic music and some other kind of still-to-be-discovered Russianness defines the scope of what Tchaikovsky is trying to make happen in his First Symphony. [8] In 1892, Tchaikovsky wrote the following to his nephew Vladimir "Bob" Davydov: The symphony is only a work written by dint of sheer will on the part of the composer; it contains nothing that is interesting or sympathetic. There was not the mighty, overpowering impression made by the work when it was conducted by Eduard Npravnk, on November 18, 1893, and later, wherever it was played."[11]. Interesting Topics to Write about Composer. . . , https://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/index.php?title=Symphony_No._6&oldid=58830, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, AdagioAllegro non troppo (B minor, 354 bars), Manchester, 10th Hall Orchestra concert, 15/27 December 1894, conducted by Charles Hall, Brno, Vienna Philharmonic Society concert, 19/31 March 1896, conducted by Hans Richter, Amsterdam, Concertgebouw, subscription concert, 12/24 September 1896, conducted by Willem Mengelberg. It was also used to great effect in one of the early Cinerama movies in the mid-50s. the march in G major on the theme: in a solemnly triumphant manner. He knew he was dying! We do this symphony a terrible injustice if we only see and hear it through the murky prism of myth, story, and half-truth that now swirls around accounts of what happened in the composers final days. The following day he wrote to Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov: "I cannot believe how much I have done since the winter albeit in fits and starts while I was at home. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was a prolific Russian composer of symphonies, operas, ballets, and a variety of other music. It opens quietly with a low bassoon melody in E minor. That year, two things occurred that had a decisive influence on the direction his path would take. 1020 Words5 Pages. Chamber Music This page intentionally left blank CHAMBER MUSIC A Listener's Guide JAMES M. KELLER 1 2011 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. (So was Modeste, in whose otherwise thorough 3-volume biography not a hint of sexuality was mentioned.) Then there's still the first statement of the march in C major, starting from this page, and also the reprise of the scherzo with changes and a pedal on D" [5]. Tomorrow I shall immerse myself in the new symphony" [10]. Upon my return I sat down to write the sketches, and the work went so furiously and quickly that in less than four days the first movement was completely ready, and the remaining movements already clearly outlined in my head. allegro molto vivace(33:49) IV. [17], Back in B minor, the fourth movement is a slow movement in a six-part sonata rondo form (A-B-A-C-A-B). A calmer relative D-major segment (the B subject) builds into a full orchestral palette with brass and percussion, ending with a C major chord. Tchaikovsky's symphony was first published in piano reduction by Jurgenson of Moscow in 1893, [6] and by Robert Forberg of Leipzig in 1894. This determination on my part is admirable and irrevocable.[9]. For Tchaikovsky scholar David Brown, after its folksong-inspired slow introduction, this fourth movement descends into a "rhythmic stodginess" in its obsession with noisy fugal counterpoint Tchaikovsky proving a point to Rubinstein that he knew all the tricks in the academic book and ends with a "very noisy, and overblown" coda. 1, any movement (but the fourth movement references musical material from the first three, so it might not be ideal). This page lists all recordings of Symphony No. The following B section, originally a break in the clouds, is very mournful, since this time it is in the tonic B minor instead of D major. Its also the closest we have to a revelation of the programme behind the Sixth Symphony, which Tchaikovsky told his beloved nephew Bob was there in the music, but which would remain a secret. 19 August 1893" [O.S.]. When the symphony was done again a couple of weeks later, in memoriam and with subtitle in place, everyone listened hard for portents, and that is how the symphony became a transparent suicide note. Tchaikovsky "Nutcracker" Suite is . The movement descends into chaos as the themes are developed, ripped apart, and tossed about in a tempest of sound. Tchaikovsky made an attempt at suicide in September. Russia in the 1860s - the land without the symphony. It appears that Tchaikovsky worked on the third movement between 17 February/1 March and 24 February/8 March, after which he left again. Forget, first of all, its mis-translated moniker. Began to play the piano at age 4 and composed. Another personal account of Tchaikovsky's last visit to the Moscow Conservatory also makes no mention of the private performance of the symphony [27]. Tchaikovsky reportedly was deeply depressed at a celebratory breakfast, nearly fainted at the ceremony when told to kiss his bride and was so horrified by the wedding night that he ran off and tried to drown himself. In 1893, Tchaikovsky mentions an entirely new symphonic work in a letter to his brother: I am now wholly occupied with the new work and it is hard for me to tear myself away from it. The theme is a "composite melody"; neither the first nor second violins actually play the theme that is heard.[18]. First part all impulse, passion, confidence, thirst for activity. This is also borne out by notes in the copy-book containing the sketches. And yet the Sixth Symphony is about death. His father, named Ilya Chaikovsky, was a mining business executive in Votkinsk. Ask Mr Kleinecke to attend to this". Kalinnikov: Symphony No. He must have been depressed/suicidal/about to become the victim of an anti-homosexual secret court (one of the more recent and most ludicrous theories behind Tchaikovskys death on 5 November 1893, nine days after he had premiered the Sixth Symphony) to have composed this! Afterwards, work was interrupted for some time, because of a concert tour by the composer in Kharkov. The tempo picks up slightly, and a flute and bassoon begin 2b and are quickly joined by many other instruments (I don't have the score, so I can't readily name them). Typical of Tchaikovsky, it pulsates with doubt brimming with grace yet constantly off-balance enough to cast a pall over the otherwise elegant mood. All music is sublimated emotion, but Tchaikovsky pushed the envelope just enough for staid concert-goers to be genuinely thrilled without being scandalized. "I can honestly say that never in my life have I been so pleased with myself, so proud, or felt so fortunate to have created something as good as this"[23]. All these factors strained Tchaikovsky's mental and physical health tremendously.

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