All formal CP at Approved Schools had to be recorded in a book provided by the Home Office and checked regularly by H.O. R Kershaw, and J Sacks New lives for old: The story of Britains child migrants, A Land, R Lowe and N Whiteside The Development of the Welfare State 19391951: A guide to documents in the Public Record Office, For quick pointersTuesday to Saturday For those up to the age of sixteen, the new Reformatory system provided an alternative to prison, with Industrial Schools performing a similar role for those viewed as in danger of becoming criminals or whose wayward behaviour needed a corrective environment. List of prisons in the United Kingdom is a list of all 141 current prisons as of 2022 in the United Kingdom spread across the three UK legal systems of England and Wales (122 prisons), Scotland, (15 prisons) and Northern Ireland (4 prisons). asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department if be will now set up a departmental inquiry into the detention in prison of persons awaiting places in borstal institutions. Updates? v3.0, except where otherwise stated, 3. The diary is dated in the archive as 13 Feb. 1945-14 Aug. 1946, probably owing to being filed with correspondence and research material for a Mass Observation book, Report on juvenile delinquency, published in 1949. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Borstal system, English reformatory system designed for youths between 16 and 21, named after an old convict prison at Borstal, Kent. 1.7 Northwest England. They hold convicted males aged 12-14 and females aged 1217 in separate accommodation. Use Discovery, our catalogue, to search for document references using keywords and dates. To get the ball - and you had to get it - you were allowed to punch and kick your opponents. 1.2 East Anglia. There was a maximum of six strokes per offence, all to be inflicted on one occasion, either by the superintendent or in his presence. #10. There were also smaller scale investigations or inquiries by government departments into isolated complaints or incidents. The impressive ruins of one of England's most influential Cistercian monasteries, Rievaulx Abbey sits in a tranquil valley on the North York Moors. Their policies on corporal punishment, laid down by the Home Office, were standardised in the Approved School Rules 1933 (see documents linked below). Each institution consists of houses containing, ideally, not more than 50 young offenders, with a housemaster or housemistress and house staff. See also our guides on Adoptions,and for child migration and the Childrens Overseas Reception Board 19401944 see our Emigration guide. Lists of names of enemy prisoners and internees were routinely forwarded to the Prisoners of War Information Bureau (PWIB) in London, which in turn informed the International Red Cross Headquarters. HM Prison Ford is an example of a Category D prison. In 1933 these all became "Approved Schools", to which the courts could send youngsters for a period of several years. They are the equivalent of a medium security prison in the United States for example. The system was introduced in 1902 but was given its basic form by Sir Alexander Paterson, who became a prison commissioner in 1922. Young Offender Institutions (YOIs) which are prison based establishments very similar to adult prisons that hold those convicted and remanded for offences but that only hold males aged 15-20 (ages 15-17 and ages 18-20 are housed separately) and who are not classed as vulnerable. In particular, it concluded that it was essential to retain the headmaster's power to award corporal punishment. Consult the National Records of Scotland and PRONI. The institutions are named after Borstal Prison in Borstal, Rochester, Kent, England. University Library The reasons for this are: He got his country excommunicated from the Church because he was arguing with the Pope over who should control the English Church. The normal maximum number of strokes was eight for boys of 15 and over, and six if below that age. For records of individual prisoners it will usually prove more fruitful to contact another organisation (seesection 7). A-Z of councils online. Alternatively, search our catalogue by name of the charity for records of smaller, local charities in the relevant county record office. This would be carried out immediately on the runaway's return, and would leave him with heavily wealed and sore buttocks for a week or more. Feature article on the 1967 Gibbens Inquiry into allegations of excessive caning at the largest boys' reformatory in the country, leading to the institution being summarily closed down by the government. Please note, ADM 6/417isavailable on Findmypast(). London is the largest city in both England and the United Kingdom, followed by Birmingham. A few of these documents survive in certain Local Record Offices, though with a 50-year bar on public access. If you cannot find what you are looking for it may be because: You may also find it useful to consult the Childrens Homes website, a very useful resource where you can search for institutions by location or type and read about their history as well as view photographs of buildings and the people living in them. Email: archives at warwick dot ac dot uk. Try searching for details of British PoW camps inlocal archivesaround the UK. Use the advanced search option to search our catalogue by the name of the individual or institution at the centre of the investigation restricting your search to department references MH, HO and BN. The second, or training, grade number and the authorised number of inmates in each. A central register is maintained showing, fortnightly, the accommodation available in borstal institutions in England and Wales, the number of places occupied, the number of boys received under sentence at remand centres and local prisons and the number awaiting transfer to allocation centres. They include images of Borstal Boys exercising, in lessons, learning trades and in their room, as well as a couple of shots of the Borstal staff and building. No 1217) provided that children under 10 might be smacked on their hands only. The government's brutally abrupt Court Lees closure decision in 1967 was certainly a jolt to the system, but perhaps there were bound to be some such convulsions in a era of fast-changing social-cultural values. From 1930 county and county borough councils took responsibility for the administration of childrens homes and the boarding-out (fostering) scheme, although the voluntary sector continued to provide residential homes. Many childrens homes were run by national and local charities. On 30th June there were 457 persons at Wormwood Scrubs and 315 at Manchester against the authorised numbers of training places of 318 and 303, respectively. The 19th century saw an explosion in the number of charitable childrens homes, from small homes run by a local charity or individual, to well-known national organisations like Dr Barnardos Homes, the National Childrens Home and the Waifs and Strays Society who had a network of national and international provision. These 27 photographs show the original Borstal centre in Kent in 1902, the year that it was established. The Administration of Children's Homes Regulations 1951 (S.O. Girls under 15 could be caned, but only on the hands; girls of 15 and over were not to be given CP at all. Browse lists of enemy prisoners on parole in Britain in HO 28. These 27 photographs show the original Borstal centre in Kent in 1902, the year that it was established. This is not indexed. It was only in Northern Ireland that there was officially any caning in borstal. Links to more UK stories are at the foot of the page. We'd play table tennis, darts or cards, or talk to each other. And in my experience, people who really have received a severe punishment are rarely inclined to talk or write about it in this breathless and excitable manner, or to recall the events in such minute detail. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Borstal-system. The statistics relating to the borstal population will be transferred to a computer in September. Contrary to popular myth, there was officially no corporal punishment here except on the same terms as in adult prisons, i.e. They are the equivalent of a minimum security work release prison or local jail in the United States for example. Visit the International Red Cross website for information on requesting access to their records of PoWs and civilian internees in both World Wars. South Wales and Monmouthshire Truant and Industrial School When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. You can find these records and contact details for the relevant county record office by searching for the name of the institution or Poor Law Union in our catalogue. Some existing prisons implemented a 'modified borstal' system, providing accommodation and treatment for those serving short sentences. Most of these establishments were run by local voluntary bodies but licensed by central government and subject to regular Home Office inspection. On release, the inmate comes under the supervision of the Central Aftercare Association and may be recalled for further training if necessary. St Aelred said of Rievaulx that there was 'everywhere peace, everywhere serenity', and this reflective atmosphere still attracts many visitors today. British Insults, Slang & Phrases: The Ultimate Guide. Typically for example those convicted of offences such as murder, manslaughter, terrorism, rape, wounding with intent (GBH), robbery, serious firearm and explosives offences, offences against the state, those sentenced under the Official Secrets Act, or any attempts of those offences. The 100 year rule is a method for calculating the closure period for personal information about people who may still be alive. HM Prison Berwyn is an example of a Category C prison. In keeping with the "boarding school" ethos, formal CP was commonplace for the more serious offences in most of the boys' Approved Schools, usually taking the form of a forceful and vigorous caning applied to the seat of the trousers. Any of the prisons set up in Britain for delinquent boys from 1895 to 1983. By 1926, there remained just 28 Reformatories and 56 Industrial Schools, with a population of 6,871. (formerly in Britain) an informal name for an establishment in which offenders aged 15 to 21 could be detained for corrective training. (This supposed account of such an event therefore seems very likely to be fictional, and is in any event clearly highly embroidered; in particular, it is not credible that the authorities would have got away with inflicting an official birching in front of the assembled inmates, which would have been completely against the rules, or that the offender would be made to count out the strokes. Please let us know if you agree to functional, advertising and performance cookies. HM Prison Belmarsh is an example of a Category A prison. Additionally whereas males and females aged 18 or over are held in dedicated adult prisons, those under 18 (and sometimes under 21) are held in one of three types of establishments across the country that are run by either the public prison service, private companies (such as G4S or Serco), local council authorities and in rare cases some charity providers. Trifle. It is the largest prison in England and Wales and can hold 2,106 prisoners. Committee members felt it was too thick and rigid, and would merely bruise the young man's posterior without necessarily supplying him with sharp enough immediate pain to act as a proper deterrent. Corrections? and garden work. More can be found here: Prisoner security categories in the United Kingdom. To find records held by The National Archives, searchour catalogueusing keywords. Alternatively, in many cases you can visit us to view the original in person. 217 posts. Many Roman Catholic childrens homes were run either by a diocesan branch of the Catholic Childrens Society (now the Cabrini Childrens Society), or a religious order. for home leave. asked the Secretary of State for the Home Department at which prisons in England and Wales the borstal wings are overcrowded, giving the actual Those that we do hold are mostly closed records, subject to the terms of the Freedom of Information Act (see section 7.3 for advice on some of the few we hold). Their residents had, after all, not necessarily committed any offence. [1] In addition, since the 1990s the day-to-day running of a number of previously existing prisons, as well as several new facilities, has been "contracted out" to private companies, such as Serco and G4S. Surviving records of a local authoritys childrens committee and childrens officer are likely to be at the relevant county record office. These extracts are the sections relating to corporal punishment. In 1825 the government introduced separate prison accommodation for children and adults, with the Euryalus prison hulk for juvenile offenders and, in 1838, opened the first state prison for juvenile offenders, at Parkhurst on the Isle of Wight. Except where indicated, this page () PeterHigginbotham. It also criticised one school for applying too few strokes on each occasion, arguing that, if the canings were of greater severity, it might be possible to have resort to the cane less often. These are the allocation centres at Wormwood Scrubs, Manchester, and Holloway. Departments responsible for PoWs include Admiralty (ADM), Foreign Office (FO), Home Office (HO) and War Office (WO). At another approved school of which I have some knowledge, each culprit due for chastisement was required to take off his cotton khaki shorts and remove his underwear before putting the shorts back on and bending over, so that only one layer of thin clothing covered the youth's behind -- thus keeping to the letter of the rules while, arguably, violating their spirit. At 6am we had to get up and run two miles, and if we were two minutes over the time they set, we got no breakfast. First set up at Borstal Prison, Kent, in Oct 1902, Offered education, regular work and discipline. In the UK adult prisoners are divided into 4 security categories (though male and female categories are slightly different) depending on certain factors such as the offences they have been convicted or accused of, their likelihood of attempting an escape, the threat they would pose if they escaped, their length of sentence, and any of their previous criminal convictions, if any. Use the following keywords as search terms, either alone or in combination (however, treat the results with caution not all records are described in the same way): Refine your search to one or more of the records of the three principal government departments responsible for most of these records over the years by using the advanced search in our catalogue and the following departmentreferences: Further refine your search by adding keywords such as: Suggestions of other keywords occur throughout this guide, where you will also find advice on how to target your search to specific record series covering particular time periods and types of institutions.

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