Philadelphia Yearly Meeting minutes that they would send the petition to London Yearly Meeting, without mentioning whether they actually did so, and on this point no direct evidence has been discovered. diff git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes index 74ff35caa337326da11140ff032496408d14b55e..6da329702838fa955455abb287d0336eca8d4a8d 100644 a/.gitattributes Abraham op den Graeff is the last signature. The petition was presented at the local monthly meeting at Dublin (Abington). Stated that 'further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in N or S America would be viewed as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States". The practice of slavery continued and was tolerated in Quaker society in the years immediately following the 1688 petition. And we, who know that men must not commit adultery, some do commit adultery in others, separating wives from their husbands, and giving them to others: and some sell the children of these poor creatures to other men. Why was the germantown quaker petition against slavery so significant? Formulated by Quakers in Germantown, PA. . How To Calculate Distances Between Postcodes In Excel, [29] It was called Pennsylvania. The first organized protest against slavery in the Americas was composed over 300 hundred years ago in 1688 by four Germantown Quakers. Capital city was Tenochtitlan and was the dominant force in central Mexico until Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes arrived in 1521. Which one is most supportive to your, 1. From Jenkins (1915) Here in 1688, at the home of Tunes Kunders, an Nathan Legette, a kindergartner of William Penn Charter School was the youngest student presenter at the event. Weymouth, Ma Town Hall Website, TeachingAmericanHistory.org is a project of the Ashbrook Center at Ashland University, 401 College Avenue, Ashland, Ohio 44805 PHONE (419) 289-5411 TOLL FREE (877) 289-5411 EMAIL [emailprotected]. Perhaps it was simply the stark contrast between the liberty they experienced through their faith and the bondage they saw Africans subjected to. He, organized Philadelphia as a welcoming town laid out in a grid with many green spaces and profited by. Read more about Pastorius and the settlement of German town or the full text of the 1688 petition to end slavery on our sister site, Religion In America. Second Opium War (1856-1860) British forces fought towards the legalization of the Opium trade and to open all of China to British merchants, and to exempt foreign imports from internal transit duties. It is not clear whether the four men expected the local Meeting to affirm their view, because they knew that nearby Meetings might not in be in agreement, and consequences would be far-reaching. History, 21.06.2019 14:00 Answer. This is from our meeting at Germantown, held the 18th of the 2d month, 1688, to be delivered to the monthly meeting at Richard Worrells. In the petition, the vocabulary refers to black slaves as negers, the German-Dutch name for black or negro, and was not meant in any derogatory way. As to their religion, they are very much divided" George Whitefield Preaches in Philadelphia, The Essential Rights and Liberties of Protestants. The Germantown Petition Against Slavery: Crash Course Black American History #5. ISBN 9780300180770. In any event, their protest is today held to be the first made in North America against slavery. They then "moved on to raise the moral issue for everyone, both in Britain and in North America," according to . Invented by James Hargreaves in England. Pastorius was a cosigner of the 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, the first petition against slavery made in The Germantown Petition Against Slavery: Crash Course Black American History #5. viz., to be sold or made a slave for all the time of his life? 1688 Petition Against Slavery was written. ck2 agot events id; port orange police chief; high school musical 2 sharpay and gabriella fight script; merseyside police contact number; methodist hospital merrillville careers Antislavery sentiment was gaining strength in northern states; a 1780 Pennsylvania . Also stated that the U.S. would not interfere with existing colonies. Posted by 1 month ago. assimilation during which non-Russian communities (voluntarily or not) give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one. The practice of slavery continued and was tolerated in Quaker society in the years In 1688, in Pennsylvania, a group of four men created the Germantown Petition, which made the case that slavery was immoral, and that it was inconsistent with Christian beliefs in general, and Quaker beliefs specifically. In the usual manner the Meeting sent the petition on to the Philadelphia Quarterly Meeting, where it was again considered and sent on to the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (held in Burlington, NJ). Allowed to return late 19th century. Before beginning analysis, ask students to define petition and discuss why petitions are made. In 1688, a young German Quaker of the Germantown Friends drafted an anti-slavery petition to be discussed at any upcoming Quaker meeting in a nearby town. crystal walker obituary; best alcohol for shots at home; parsimony in research example. Elizabeth Key (2 pages)4. What are adjective and adverbial phrases with examples? CoNLL17 Skipgram Terms - Free ebook download as Text File (.txt), PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for free. Slavery was inhumane and cruel, unjust and the punishment meted out to the slaves was harsh for example the uses of the treadmill. This led to overworking the land, in turn creating famine which led to susceptibility to decrease living standards, thus creating a gap in social classes. And when the Germantown Petition was rediscovered in 1844, its importance as the first written protest against slavery in the United States was recognized and became one of Como Quedo El Atltico Madrid Hoy, F1 Brazil 2020, Church Anniversary Ideas Decorating, Litany Of The Saints Printable, What Happened In 1913 In Canada, Wildcraft Bags For Men, Jammed Answers: 3. founder of the society of jesus Or, have these poor negroes not as much right to fight for their freedom, as you have to keep them slaves? The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was the first protest against African-American slavery made by a religious body in the English colonies.wikipedia. The Transatlantic Slave Trade (4 pages) 2. 4. In 1780, Pennsylvania passed a Gradual Abolition Act. And when the Germantown Petition was rediscovered in 1844, its importance as the first written protest against slavery in the United States was recognized and became one of YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE American History Honors Gr. DocnFlow Key Features; N2N Capture; N2N Capture for Passport Reader; Service Solutions. Is this document anti-racist? Ceded the island of Hong Kong to the UK and established 5 ports. Most renowned and longest ruling female leader of Russia. Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during period of imperialism. What was their background that influenced their thinking? Avision Service Center; Scanning Services; Scanner Rental; FAQs. ' Used great sums of money from this plot for public and private Belgian ventures. Soon, the waterfront was a bustle of activity and churches of several faiths were established. Why was the germantown quaker petition against slavery so significant? The petition took care to show respect for enslaved people and declared them as equals. History, Answers: 2 Show answers Another question on History. And who shall maintain this your cause, or plead for it? Answer: German immigrants. Pastorius was a cosigner of the 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery, the first petition against slavery made in Signed by ord ye meeting, Anthony Morris. 1932 ford coupe body for sale australia. The Teacher-Author indicated this resource includes assets from Google Workspace (e.g. Increased spinner's productivity. entirely. Posted By : / sample email to casting director / Under : . CoNLL17 Skipgram Terms - Free ebook download as Text File (.txt), PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for free. Slave Codes (3 pages)5. Pastorius drafted a petition, signed by himself and three like-minded citizens of Germantown, urging the local Friends meeting to prohibit slave holding among members. Germantown Protest, 1688. In the petition, the vocabulary refers to black slaves as negers, the German-Dutch name for black or negro, and was not meant in any derogatory way. Now, though they are black, we cannot conceive there is more liberty to have them slaves, as it is to have other white ones. Germantown, Pennsylvania was the birthplace of the anti-slavery movement. Riot Act; Dec 8, 2020; Black America Forum; 9 Replies; 415 Views; Dec 8, 2020. Produced 60% of silver during 16th century. Francis Daniel Pastorius, '' ''' - -- --- ---- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Pennsylvania was On this day in 1688, a community of Quakers living in Germantown, Pennsylvania filed the Germantown Quaker Petition against Slavery. Pennsylvania was founded in 1682 by William Penn as an English colony where people from any country, and faith could settle, free from religious persecution. The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was the first protest against African American Viewing Guides with Answer Keys to the following episodes of Crash Course Black American History:1. In 1688, in Pennsylvania, a group of four men created the Germantown Petition, which made the case that slavery was immoral, and that it was inconsistent with Christian beliefs in general, and Quaker beliefs specifically. Used with permission. Anu Ano Ang Programang Ipinatupad Ni Jose P Laurel, Although they were accepted in the Quaker community, they were outsiders who could not speak or write fluently in English, and they also had a fresh view of slavery that was unique to Germantown. The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery Pennsylvania was founded in 1682 by William Penn as an English colony where people from any country and faith could settle, free from religious persecution. It seems not much happened at the time. French enlightenment writer and philosopher. After a century of public exposure, it was misplaced and once more re-discovered in March 2005 in the vault at Arch Street Meetinghouse. More Africans were in the southern than in the northern colonies, but the distribution was uneven. In 1688 he drafted the first protest against slavery in America. 5109 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia PA, where the. A Quaker's Meeting. Wrote an autobiography of his life documenting the life of a slave. Who were the authors of this document? The Germantown Petition Against Slavery: Crash Course Black American History #5. This petitionthe 1688 Although it is now faded, the document represents the first written document declaring a position against slavery and in favor of universal rights. While the petition wasn't ultimately adopted by the Quaker hierarchy, examining the document and its authors' goals gives us a better insight into slavery in the The Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was the first documented protest of enslavement of African Americans made by a religious body in the thirteen colonies. In 1775, Pennsylvania Quakers founded The Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage. something created after the event took place, (Bubonic Plague) 1/3 of Eurasia died, lympthnotes would grow and explode killing each person, In Eurasia 1200s-1600s : Practiced pastoral nomadism, Genghis Khan built an empire where he controlled all the trading and raiding, the Mongols always kept the elite, making sure their tribe was consistently the strongest and smartest, founder of the Ming Dynasty, was born a peasant in China where both his parents died of the Bub Plague, because of his rough childhood he hated the Mongols eventually leading a group of rebels who took them over creating the Ming Dynasty, Commanded the Ming Dynasty's navy, led a fleet so bigger than man has ever seen, tribute paid to Russian government with fur. Francis Daniel Pastorius, who had On February 28, 1681, Charles II granted a land charter [26] to William Penn to repay a debt of 16,000 [27] (around 2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation) [28] owed to William's father, Admiral Penn. Pennsylvania was founded in 1682 by William Penn as an English colony where people from any country and faith could settle, free from religious persecution. madison, wisconsin inmate search. part of the nobility The language and spelling used in this early protest reflect the German descent of its' signers. This is a 10 open ended question set for Crash Course Black American History Episode 5: The Germantown Petition Against Slavery. The petition remains the first American document arguing for equal human rights for everyone. Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? It also can allow your class to begin looking at anti-racism early in your US History curriculum. Francis Daniel Pastorius arrived in Pennsylvania in October 1683 among a group of about eighty German ProtestantsMennonites, Pietists, and Quakersto settle 15,000 acres purchased from William Penn. Realizing that the abolition of slavery would have a wide and overreaching impact on the entire colony, none of the Meetings wanted to pass judgment on such a "weighty matter." Throughout the petition the reference to the Golden Rule is used to argue against slavery and for universal human rights. This petition to disallow slave-owning was addressed to the Quakers of Germantown, Pennsylvania, only five years after the first settlers arrived. everleigh rose smith soutas; when to prune winter blooming camellias In the petition, the vocabulary refers to black slaves as negers, the German-Dutch name for black or negro, and was not meant in any derogatory way. The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery Historical Background. In 1688, in Pennsylvania, a group of four men created the Germantown Petition, which made the case that slavery was immoral, and that it was inconsistent with Christian beliefs in general, and Quaker beliefs specifically. Pastorius and the settlement of German town, full text of the 1688 petition to end slavery. Ice Cube Roblox Id You Know How We Do It, Here is liberty of conscience which is right and reasonable; here ought to be liberty of the body, except of evil-doers, which is another case. The minutes of London Yearly Meeting do not mention the petition directly, apparently skirting the issue. This is to ye Monthly Meeting held at Richard Worrell's. Jun 5, 2021 - This is a 10 open ended question set for Crash Course Black American History Episode 5: The Germantown Petition Against Slavery. (3 points). The ideas articulated in the Germantown Anti-Slavery Protest became central to the American struggle against slavery and racism over the next 200 and 300 years. (B) African American, Choose the true statement about the effects of the 1990s economy in America. The protest took the form of a . Gerbner, Katharine, However, during the years 1781 to 1783, in three related cases known today as "the Quock Walker case," the Supreme Judicial Court applied the principle of judicial review to abolish slavery. But if this is done well, what shall we say is done evil? Came up with the tabula rasa (blank slate) theory that everyone was born equal. of and in " a to was is ) ( for as on by he with 's that at from his it an were are which this also be has or : had first one their its new after but who not they have Just print the pdf and go. Penn had converted to Quakerism and had been imprisoned several times for his beliefs. The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of the United States, by Charles Kendall Adams and William P. Trent This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and References. In the Berlin Conference was authorized if he improved the lives of the native inhabitants. In 1775, Pennsylvania Quakers founded The Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage. The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition against slavery was the first protest against African American slavery made by a religious body in the English colonies. From Jenkins (1915) Here in 1688, at the home of Tunes Kunders, an eloquent protest was written by a group of German Quakers. At the end of the sentence, write which word each one modifies. Putnam County Wv Legal Notices, Dstahl21. Invented by James Hargreaves in England. To the end we shall be satisfied on this point, and satisfy likewise our good friends and acquaintances in our native country, to whom it is a terror, or fearful thing, that men should be handled so in Pennsylvania. Which of the following is not true of american cowboys? On this day in 1688, a community of Quakers living in Germantown, Pennsylvania filed the Germantown Quaker Petition against Slavery. ended up learning more about their religious beliefs than he did teaching his, Martin Luther led the charge About the Contents of the Petition In 1688, five years after Germantown was founded, Pastorius and three other men decided to raise the issue of slavery with the Quaker Meeting which they attended. It was drafted by Francis Daniel Pastorius, a young German attorney and three other Quakers living in Germantown, Pennsylvania (now part of Philadelphia) on behalf of the Germantown Meeting . The four men presented their petition at the local Monthly Meeting at Dublin (Abington), but it is not clear what they expected to happen. 1688 Petition Against Slavery was written. Today the 1688 petition is for many a powerful reminder about the basis for freedom and equality for all. connected Christianity to Confucianism, sun is center of universe Questions go in order of the film. crash bandicoot 4 battle net key; barnsley vs bournemouth forebet; marvel: ultimate alliance 2; is agar agar inflammatory; ford ranger double din install; mhw iceborne decorations list; cumnock chronicle deaths; the players championship round 3 tee times. While most Americans place the abolitionist movement in the 19th century, the first North American protest against enslavement took place on February 18, 1688, in . how much does uber freight pay per mile. This download includes a 1-page introductory reading about the document and its background, the primary source document itself, and a set of analysis worksheet for students to complete. Germantown Protest, 1688. This is to ye Monthly Meeting held at Richard Worrell's. The manuscript of the first protest against slavery in North America written in Germantown in 1688 by a group that included Quakers and former Mennonites has been rediscovered more than 50 years after it was last seen. What do they reveal to us about the slave trade? The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was the first protest against African American enslavement made by a religious body in the English colonies. Pastorius, a highly educated lawyer from the Duchy of Franconia, led the group. Riot Act; Dec 8, 2020; Black America Forum; 9 Replies; 415 Views; Dec 8, 2020. Germantown, Pennsylvania was the birthplace of the anti-slavery movement. Black American History: The Germantown Petition Against Slavery (Part 05) By keith 6 months ago . Prominent African in London. Yet the petition raised timeless arguments against the practice of slaveholding which would be taken up by others in the following two centuries. because of Columbus' exploration which started a trend across Europe, all different "ideas, animals, germs, commodities, etc. Truly, we cannot do so, except you shall inform us better hereof, viz. This document is the petition the Germantown Quakers wrote in 1688 to protest slavery. History, 21.06.2019 15:50. After joining a Pietist sect of Lutherans in Frankfort, he was recruited to lead the new Pennsylvania settlement. Pope Clement XIV suppressed them and Jesuits took refuge in non-Catholic nations such as Prussia and Russia. trained cartographer Yet the petition raised timeless arguments against the practice of slaveholding which would be taken up by others in the following two centuries. How Much Do Nhl Assistant Coaches Make, Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. Penn had converted to Quakerism and had been. 90% of the Americas were wiped out died when the Europeans had traveled across the pond (disease), Silver mine in Brazil /. Germantown Quarterly Meeting. Protest of The Germantown Mennonites Against Slave What arguments does the Protest make against slavery? 80 ports opened in China and all foreign traders gained rights to travel within China. It argues that every In 1780, when the Massachusetts Constitution went into effect, slavery was legal in the Commonwealth. Abraham Lincoln. Painting. The 1688 petition was the first American document of its kind that made a plea for equal human rights for everyone. Answer key included.No prep for teachers. Here is liberty of conscience, which is right and reasonable; here ought to be likewise liberty of the body, except of evil-doers, which is another case. Consider the following scenario: Your, Choose a reason why the federal government increased efforts to address violent crime and drug use in the 1980s and 1990s. The 1688 petition was set aside and forgotten until 1844 when it was re-discovered and became a focus of the burgeoning abolitionist movement. Both an answer key and editable Google Docs version of the activity are included for your convenience! Derick op de Graeff is second from the top. Yet the petition raised timeless arguments against the practice of slaveholding which would be taken up by others in the following two centuries. Now consider well this thing, if it is good or bad. The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery Historical Background. Ah! The Germantown Petition Against Slavery was drafted by Francis Daniel Pastorius and other Quakers and presented to the yearly meeting of Philadelphia Friends. The men gathered at Thones Kunders' house and wrote a petition based upon the Bible's Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would Four years after the establishment of Germantown, Pastorius, Abraham op den Graeff, Derick op den Graeff, and Garret Hendericks, drafted a petition against slavery based on The Bibles Golden Rule. Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. Abraham Lincoln. It compelled a higher standard of reasoning about fairness and equality that continued to grow in Pennsylvania and the other colonies with the Declaration of Independence and the abolitionist and suffrage movements, eventually giving rise to Lincoln's reference to human rights in the Gettysburg Address. Pennsylvania was Germantown has played a significant role in American history; it was the birthplace of the American antislavery movement, the site of a Revolutionary War battle, the temporary In 1775, Pennsylvania Quakers founded The Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage. Germantown has played a significant role in American history; it was the birthplace of the American antislavery movement, the site of a Revolutionary War battle, the temporary residence of George Washington, the location of the first bank of the United States, and the residence of many notable politicians, scholars, artists, and social activists. Dstahl21. The petition was signed by three The "Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery" was written in 1688 and made a plea for equal human rights for everyone. There is a saying that we shall do to all men like as we will be done ourselves; making no difference of what generation, descent or color they are. But to bring men hither, or to rob and sell them against their will, we stand against. Posted by 1 month ago. Rising unemployment made it difficult for Americans to provide for their families' needs. UNK the , . Which theory you think most acceptable for you? In 1783, they presented their "Address to the United States in Congress Assembled.". 50% (1/1) Krefeld, Germany Crefeld City of Krefeld. The 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition against slavery was the first protest against African American slavery made by a religious body in the English colonies. Now, what is this better done, than Turks do? The only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state free from slavery and ruled by non-whites and former captives. Zendaya Little Sister, Corretor de imoveis / Perito judicial. Some of the authors continued to protest against slavery, but for a decade their efforts were rejected. The Issue of Slavery Some of the early English settlers of Philadelphia and its surrounding towns were wealthy and purchased slaves to work on their farms. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, attending to such features as the date and origin of the information. The Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was the first documented protest of enslavement of African Americans made by a religious body in the thirteen colonies. You can selectively provide your consent below to allow such third party embeds. To preserve the document for future generations, it was treated at the Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts in downtown Philadelphia. There is an introduction, a conclusion, ten poems, and eighty essays. Came to power after her husband was assassinated. The Issue of Slavery Some of the early English settlers of Philadelphia and its surrounding towns were wealthy and purchased slaves to work on their farms. Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. About 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic. Some of the ceremony (consists, consist) of performances. Title: A Social History of The American Negro Being a History of the Negro Problem in the United States. Questions go in order of the film. A Thought Upon the Past, Present, and Future State We Shall be under the Domination of a Riotous Mob. References. Answers: 2 Show answers Another question on History. In 1688, Quakers from the Philadelphia suburb of Germantown put forth the first American document that made a plea for equal human rights for all people. During this period, Pastorius and several others of the settlers became concerned about the enslavement of Africans that they saw in their new home: about half of the British Quakers in the Philadelphia and Germantown area owned slaves. Also had an impact in S. America as the Jesuits had long been protecting indigenous peoples there. Also recorded the fact that Europeans had a hard time adjusting to the conditions of Africa. It was drafted by FrancisDanielPastorius,ayoungGerman attorney and three other Quakers living in Germantown, Pennsylvania (now part of Philadelphia) on behalf of the Germantown Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends to raise the issue of slavery with the Quaker Meeting which they attended. In 1688 he drafted the first protest against slavery in America. Comes in google doc and pdf format. The new settlement would (appropriately enough) be called Germantown, and Pastorius served as its de facto mayor for the first decade and a half. Questions go in order of the film. por | 29 jun 2022 | audley harrison fights | edmonds wa tsunami risk | 29 jun 2022 | audley harrison fights | edmonds wa tsunami risk It articulated themes of justice and equality that would be 10. On February 28, 1681, Charles II granted a land charter [26] to William Penn to repay a debt of 16,000 [27] (around 2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation) [28] owed to William's father, Admiral Penn. According to John Greenleaf Whittier, the . creates spiritual exercises, traveled to eastern Canada Itarguesthateveryhuman,regardlessofbelief, color,orethnicity,hasrightsthatshouldnotbe violated. Browse our listings to find jobs in Germany for expats, including jobs for English speakers or those in your native language. In 1785, Benjamin Franklin became head of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. In its various arguments, it foreshadows the reasoning that would increasingly be turned against slavery in the decades leading to the Civil War. An overwhelmingly agricultural world where 80% of the population were peasants (people who lived on the land and were the direct producers of food for themselves and the rest of the population. The Portuguese were the first to engage (16th century). Indigenous peoples living on this land could be forced by the Mita system to work for the Spanish government. how to beat chiara hogwarts mystery year 2; prix pour remettre une pierre sur une bague The Germantown Petition was the first written protest against slavery in the United States. Gerbner, Katharine, "We are against the traffick of mens-body: The Germantown Quaker Protest of 1688 and the Origins of American Abolitionism", in Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies The Germantown Petition Against Slavery: Thread starter Ruperta; Start date Wednesday at 10:25 AM; Forums. In Europe there are many oppressed for conscience sake; and here there are those oppressed which are of a black color. This was one of the largest land grants to an individual in history. They must have understood from the beginning that it would be difficult to force the whole colony to abolish slavery, as it was generally believed that the colony's prosperity depended on slavery. ItalianFrenchToast. In 1688, five years after Germantown was founded, Francis Daniel Pastorius and three other men wrote a petition based upon the Bible's Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," urging the community to abolish slavery. Creci: 196784 -F sp. And those who steal or rob men, and those who buy or purchase them, are they not all alike?

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